Dive into 20 Marine Biology Specialities & Sub-Disciplines: Careers For Every Ocean Lover
Published on 12/25/24
Written by Jessica Colla
Whether you're an aspiring marine scientist or an ocean lover looking to make an impact, this article will empower you to navigate the marine science industry with clarity and confidence by diving into 20 different marine biology career options!
Lets dive in!
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The ocean covers over 70% of our planet, yet we’ve only scratched the surface of what lies beneath the waves. It’s no wonder so many people dream of working with the ocean! Officially, Marine biology is defined as the scientific study of marine life and organisms in marine (oceanic) and other saltwater environments like estuaries and wetlands. In simpler terms, it’s all about the living components of ocean ecosystems.
But for aspiring marine biologists, the sheer number of specialties and career opportunities can feel overwhelming—but that’s also what makes this field so exciting! When I first entered the workforce, I was amazed (and intimidated!) by the range of research options available. From studying coral reefs in the Bahamas to working as a whale biologist in Australia, I’ve had the chance to explore a few of these specialties myself. Throughout my career, I learned that the term "marine biologist" encompasses much more than a single job title—it’s an umbrella for countless unique roles and research areas.
If you’re passionate about marine life but are unsure what specialty you want to pursue, you’re not alone! This blog post is here to help you navigate an “ocean of possibilities” … (cheesy, I know - but seriously!) Together, we’ll explore 20 sub-disciplines within the field of marine biology, each offering its own way to make a difference in understanding and protecting our oceans. Whether you’re drawn to the sounds of whales, the movements of sea turtles, or the molecular secrets of coral DNA, there’s a place for you in this ever-expanding field.
Lets dive in!
1) Marine Ethology
Description: Explores the behavior of marine species, including their feeding, mating, social interactions, and responses to environmental stimuli.
Why is it important? Understanding marine animal behavior helps in developing effective conservation strategies and improving animal welfare in managed environments.
What can you do with this degree? Careers include behavioral ecologist, wildlife videographer specializing in marine life, or researcher for conservation programs.
How to get started: Pursue a degree in marine biology, behavioral ecology, or zoology. Take courses in animal behavior, statistics, and environmental science. Consider internships or volunteer programs at aquariums, marine parks, or with wildlife rehabilitation centers to gain field experience.
2) marine molecular biology
Description: Studies the genetic and biochemical processes of microscopic marine organisms, focusing on DNA, proteins, and cellular functions in marine environments.
Why is it important? Molecular biology reveals how marine organisms adapt to their environments and contributes to innovations in medicine, biotechnology, and conservation.
What can you do with this degree? Careers include molecular biologist, geneticist in marine labs, or biotech innovator focused on marine-derived solutions.
How to get started: Earn a degree in marine biology, molecular biology, or biochemistry. Focus on courses in genetics, molecular techniques, and bioinformatics. Certifications in lab techniques, such as PCR and gene sequencing, will give you an edge in research positions.
3) Marine Mammalogy
Description: Examines marine mammals, including cetaceans (whales, dolphins & porpoises), sirenians (manatees & dugongs), pinnipeds (seals, sea lions & walruses) and fissipeds (sea otters & polar bears), including their behavior, physiology, and interactions with the ocean environment.
Why is it important? Marine mammals are apex predators and indicators of ocean health, making their study crucial for understanding and preserving ecosystems.
What can you do with this degree? Careers include working as a marine mammal biologist, wildlife rehabilitator, or eco-tourism guide specializing in marine mammal encounters.
How to get started: Obtain a degree in marine biology, zoology, or animal science. Take specialized courses in marine mammalogy, physiology, and conservation. Seek internships with marine mammal research organizations or rehabilitation centers to gain hands-on experience.
4) Ichthyology
Description: The study of fish in marine environments, exploring their biology, behavior, ecology, and evolution, as well as their role in ocean ecosystems.
Why is it important? Fish are critical for global food security and ecosystem health, making their study essential for sustainable fisheries and conservation.
What can you do with this degree? Careers include ichthyologist, fisheries scientist, or aquarium curator specializing in fish care and research.
How to get started: Study ichthyology or marine biology with coursework in fish biology, ecology, and aquatic systems. Join research programs or internships with fisheries, aquariums, or academic labs to gain practical experience in the field.
5) Bioacoustics
Description: The study of underwater sounds produced by marine organisms, focusing on how animals use sound for communication, navigation, feeding and breeding, and how these sounds affect marine ecosystems.
Why is it important? Bioacoustics aids in monitoring marine species, understanding their behaviors, and mitigating the impacts of human-made noise pollution.
What can you do with this degree? Careers include bioacoustics researcher, consultant for underwater noise management, or developer of acoustic monitoring technologies.
How to get started: Enroll in a degree program in marine biology, oceanography, or acoustical engineering. Take courses in animal communication, sound analysis, and marine technology. Training in software like Raven or MATLAB is essential for analyzing acoustic data.
6) marine microbiology
Description: Studies microscopic organisms in marine environments, such as bacteria, viruses, and plankton, and their roles in ecosystems, such as nutrient cycling and the carbon cycle.
Why is it important? Microbes drive essential ocean processes like nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration, which are vital for climate regulation and ecosystem health.
What can you do with this degree? Opportunities include research roles in marine labs, positions in biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, or contributions to climate science initiatives.
How to get started: Pursue a degree in marine biology, microbiology, or environmental science. Study microbiology, oceanography, and biochemistry. Certifications in laboratory techniques and training in microscopy or genomic analysis are highly recommended.
7) MARINE ECOLOGY
Description: Explores the relationships and interactions between marine organisms and their environments, including biodiversity, predator-prey and symbiotic relationships, competition, and ecosystem dynamics.
Why is it important? Marine ecology provides a foundation for conservation strategies by understanding how species interact and respond to environmental changes.
What can you do with this degree? Careers include ecological consultant, research scientist, or environmental educator in marine-focused programs.
How to get started: Obtain a degree in ecology, environmental science, or marine biology. Take courses in ecosystem dynamics, biodiversity, and conservation biology. Gain field experience through internships with research institutes, conservation organizations, or government agencies.
8) CORAL BIOLOGY
Description: Investigates coral reefs, including coral anatomy, symbiotic relationships with zooxanthellae, and the impacts of environmental stressors like bleaching events.
Why is it important? Coral reefs support 25% of marine life, making them critical to ocean biodiversity. They also protect coastlines, provide food for millions, and support global economies.
What can you do with this degree? Careers include working as a coral reef ecologist, marine conservationist, or environmental consultant for organizations focused on reef preservation and restoration.
How to get started: Study marine biology, environmental science, or a related field, with courses in coral reef ecology, symbiotic relationships, and climate science. Certifications in scuba diving (PADI or equivalent) and coral restoration techniques are invaluable.
9) Marine Botany (Phycology)
Description: Focuses on the study of marine plants and algae, such as seagrasses, kelp, and phytoplankton, and their role in oceanic food webs and ecosystems.
Why is it important? Marine plants and algae produce oxygen, form the foundation of the oceanic food web, and play a vital role in carbon sequestration.
What can you do with this degree? Careers include marine botanist, environmental consultant for coastal restoration projects, or roles in aquaculture focusing on algae production for food and biofuels.
How to get started: Pursue a degree in marine biology, botany, or environmental science. Take courses in plant biology, algae taxonomy, and marine ecosystems. Gain experience through internships with research labs or aquaculture facilities.
10) Marine Parasitology
Description: Explores parasites found in marine organisms, their life cycles, host interactions, and ecological impact on marine populations.
Why is it important? Understanding marine parasites helps monitor ecosystem health and prevent the spread of diseases that can devastate marine populations.
What can you do with this degree? Careers include parasitologist roles in academic research, aquaculture health management, or environmental impact studies.
How to get started: Obtain a degree in marine biology, parasitology, or veterinary science. Focus on courses in parasitology, infectious diseases, and aquatic ecosystems. Training in diagnostic lab techniques and field research methods is crucial.
11) Marine Evolutionary Biology
Description: Studies the evolutionary history of marine species, including adaptations to the ocean environment and development of new species over time.
Why is it important? Evolutionary biology helps us understand how species adapt to changing environments, providing insights into biodiversity and resilience.
What can you do with this degree? Careers include evolutionary biologist, paleontologist focusing on marine fossils, or educator in evolutionary and marine sciences.
How to get started: Enroll in a degree program in evolutionary biology, marine biology, or genetics. Study evolutionary theory, paleontology, and phylogenetics. Participate in fieldwork or research projects focusing on marine species and fossils.
12) Marine Ornithology
Description: Investigates seabirds such as albatrosses, puffins, and gulls, and their role in marine ecosystems, including diet, behaviors, migration patterns.
Why is it important? Seabirds are key indicators of ocean health, and studying them can reveal changes in marine ecosystems and guide conservation efforts.
What can you do with this degree? Careers include ornithologist, wildlife biologist, or environmental policy advisor specializing in avian conservation.
How to get started: Pursue a degree in zoology, marine biology, or ornithology. Take courses in avian biology, migration ecology, and conservation. Field experience through bird monitoring projects or wildlife organizations is essential.
13) Marine Herpetology
Description: Focuses on marine reptiles like sea turtles and sea snakes, including their biology, migration, nesting, and conservation.
Why is it important? Marine reptiles are important for ecosystem health, serving as indicators of environmental changes and playing roles in maintaining biodiversity.
What can you do with this degree? Careers include working as a marine herpetologist, conservation biologist for turtle rescue projects, or contributing to policy initiatives for habitat protection.
How to get started: Study marine biology, herpetology, or environmental science. Focus on courses in reptilian biology, conservation, and marine ecosystems. Intern with organizations working on sea turtle or marine reptile conservation projects.
14) Marine Biotechnology
Description: Explores the potential applications of marine organisms for medicine, industry, and technology, such as producing biofuels or discovering new pharmaceuticals.
Why is it important? Marine biotechnology drives innovation in renewable energy, disease treatment, and sustainable industrial practices, addressing global challenges.
What can you do with this degree? Careers include biotechnologist, pharmaceutical researcher, or product developer for sustainable materials derived from marine organisms.
How to get started: Obtain a degree in biotechnology, marine biology, or biochemistry. Take courses in bioprocessing, marine genetics, and bioengineering. Gain lab experience through research programs or internships in biotech companies.
15) Marine Fisheries Science
Description: Studies fish populations and their sustainable management, including population dynamics, breeding habits, and impacts of commercial and recreational fishing on marine ecosystems.
Why is it important? Fisheries provide food security for millions and support global economies, making sustainable management essential for long-term viability.
What can you do with this degree? Careers include fisheries manager, aquaculture specialist, or roles in government agencies like NOAA or international organizations.
How to get started: Earn a degree in fisheries science, marine biology, or environmental management. Study fish population dynamics, resource management, and marine policy. Certifications in GIS or fisheries management software can enhance your credentials.
16) Marine Invertebrate Zoology
Description: Investigates marine invertebrates such as mollusks, crustaceans, echinoderms, and sponges, focusing on their physiology, behaviors, and ecological roles.
Why is it important? Marine invertebrates are crucial to ocean ecosystems as they form the base of many food chains, contribute to reef building, and play essential roles in nutrient cycling.
What can you do with this degree? Careers include research scientist, marine invertebrate curator at aquariums or museums, or roles in fisheries management focusing on sustainable practices.
How to get started: Enroll in a degree program in zoology, marine biology, or ecology. Take courses in invertebrate biology, marine systems, and taxonomy. Join internships at aquariums or research projects focused on marine invertebrates.
17) Marine Toxicology
Description: Examines how pollutants and toxins like chemicals, heavy metals, and plastics affect marine organisms and ecosystems, including bioaccumulation (gradual accumulation of toxins in an organism) and biomagnification (increasing concentrations of toxins up to food chain), and impacts on marine food webs.
Why is it important? Understanding toxicity helps mitigate environmental harm, protect species, and inform policies to safeguard human and ecosystem health.
What can you do with this degree? Careers include toxicologist roles in environmental monitoring, regulatory agencies, or research institutions focused on pollution mitigation.
How to get started: Study marine biology, toxicology, or environmental chemistry. Focus on courses in pollutant analysis, ecotoxicology, and environmental law. Training in chemical analysis methods and certifications in environmental safety are beneficial.
18) Deep-Sea Biology
Description: Studies organisms living in the deepest parts of the ocean, including their adaptations to extreme conditions like high pressure, low temperature, and lack of light.
Why is it important? Understanding deep-sea ecosystems helps us uncover new species, discover novel biochemical compounds, and better grasp the role these habitats play in global processes like carbon cycling.
What can you do with this degree? Careers include working as a deep-sea research scientist, conducting exploratory missions for universities or marine institutes, or contributing to pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries by studying unique deep-sea compounds.
How to get started: Pursue a degree in marine biology, oceanography, or environmental science. Take advanced courses in deep-sea ecology, ocean technology, and marine geology. Seek internships or apprenticeships aboard research vessels and develop proficiency in remote-operated vehicle (ROV) operations.
19) Polar Marine Biology
Description: Investigates the unique marine ecosystems of the Arctic and Antarctic, focusing on species adapted to extreme cold and seasonal changes.
Why is it important? Polar regions are critical indicators of climate change; studying them provides insights into global environmental shifts and the cascading effects on ecosystems worldwide.
What can you do with this degree? Potential careers include working with organizations like NOAA or NSF on polar research, serving as a polar expedition biologist, or engaging in policy-making focused on protecting vulnerable polar habitats.
How to get started: Obtain a degree in marine biology, ecology, or environmental science with a focus on cold-water ecosystems. Enroll in specialized courses on Arctic and Antarctic studies. Gain experience through polar fieldwork programs or internships with research institutions focused on polar environments.
20) Marine Symbiosis Studies
Description: Explores mutualistic, commensal, or parasitic relationships among marine species, such as clownfish and anemones or cleaner shrimp and reef fish.
Why is it important? Studying marine symbiosis reveals the interdependence of species, offering lessons on biodiversity, ecosystem stability, and resilience in the face of environmental changes.
What can you do with this degree? Careers include working as a marine ecologist, contributing to conservation strategies by preserving keystone symbiotic species, or applying findings to aquaculture and sustainable fisheries.
How to get started: Earn a degree in marine biology, ecology, or environmental science. Take courses in ecological relationships, symbiosis, and marine biodiversity. Conduct research on symbiotic species in academic labs or field studies to build expertise in this niche.
FINAL THOUGHTS - the ocean awaits
As you can see, there are endless research topics within the field of marine biology. From studying the behavior of dolphins to analyzing the genetics of seagrass, marine biology offers a diverse world of opportunities for those who love the ocean. No matter your interests, there’s a niche waiting for you to explore!
Although it can be initially daunting to choose a path, the best way to find your place is to start researching fields that spark your curiosity, seek out hands-on experiences like volunteering or internships that spark your passion, and connect with professionals who can share their insights. When I was first starting out, I didn’t have all the answers either. But the truth is, you don’t have to have it all figured out right away. Marine biology is a journey of discovery—not just of the ocean but also of yourself. Cliché … I know, but true!
And remember, you’re not alone! There’s a community of ocean advocates, aspiring scientists, and marine professionals—myself included—who are here to support and inspire you. If you ever need guidance, resources, or a little encouragement, don’t hesitate to reach out or explore programs like those offered by Kaimana Conservation.
Your journey is just beginning—so dive in and see where it takes you!
Marine Science is so full of opportunities that I’m sure I’ve left some “-ologies” out. Let me know in the comments what I’ve missed!
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